Socio-psychological Impacts and Biomedical Applications of Theranostic Nanoparticles for the Treatment and Diagnosis of COVID-19: A FuturePerspective

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which originated in Wuhan, China, and spread globally. The objective of this review is to explore the impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) and its global consequences while examining the potential of nanoparticle (NP)-based vaccines and therapeutics for combating COVID-19. This review synthesizes current research on SARS-CoV-2';s transmission dynamics, its economic and social impacts, and the role of nanoparticlebased therapies in COVID-19 management. It also evaluates the use of NPs in improving vaccine efficacy, lymphatic transit, and targeted drug delivery, alongside traditional public health measures such as social distancing. The pandemic caused significant global disruption, including economic downturns, widespread lockdowns, and reduced carbon emissions. Despite these setbacks, advances in vaccine research, particularly those using NPs, have shown promise in enhancing immune responses and drug delivery. Social distancing measures have proven effective in curbing transmission, while NP-based treatments are emerging as a viable strategy for targeted therapy and diagnostics. Nanoparticles offer considerable potential in developing new theranostic approaches for COVID-19 treatment, enhancing the effectiveness of vaccines and therapies. The global response to the pandemic has highlighted the importance of both public health measures and innovative medical technologies. Further research into NPs is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes in the fight against COVID-19. However, this review is limited by the rapidly evolving nature of COVID-19 research, potential gaps in long-term clinical data, and the need for further large-scale trials to validate NP-based approaches. Future studies should focus on optimizing NP formulations, assessing long-term safety, and exploring their broader applications in infectious disease management.