Evaluating Nanotoxicity: Integrating Invitro and Invivo Models for Risk Assessment

ABSTRACT: Nanotechnology, involving the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, has vast applications in healthcare, including drug delivery, gene therapy, and cancer treatment. Nanomaterials (NM) such as nanoparticles (NP’s) and nanotubes exhibit unique properties that raise concerns about potential toxicity. Nanotoxicology studies the safety of these materials, focusing on their physicochemical properties and toxicological effects like genotoxicity and cellular damage. In vitro methods, including cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and genotoxicity assays, provide controlled environments for testing nanoparticle interactions with biological systems. In vivo methods further assess the effects in living organisms, including biodistribution and histopathological changes. New technologies, such as high-throughput screening, Nano-QSAR (quantitative structure -activity relationship) computational models, and stem cell-based assays, are enhancing toxicity prediction. Omics technologies (e.g., genomics and proteomics) offer a comprehensive understanding of how nanoparticles affect biological systems. These advanced techniques are crucial for ensuring the safe development and use of nanomaterials.