Modeling of Mutual Connectionless BLE Discovery in the Context of B2X Communications

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) offers a cost-efficient approach for enabling Bicycle-to-Everything (B2X) wireless communications. However, a fundamental constraint of BLE devices is their inability to transmit and scan at the same time, resulting in blind periods that negatively impact key performance metrics in B2X communications. In this paper, we propose a Discrete-Time Markov Chain model to evaluate how BLE parameter configurations influence two essential performance metrics: message delivery ratio and discovery latency. Cross-validated by simulation results, our proposed model serves as an effective tool for optimizing BLE parameter settings to satisfy application demands in dynamic B2X scenarios.