Analysis of Kazakhstan's export diversification

Currently, Kazakhstan's economy continues to be dependent on the oil and gas sector. The products of the oil and gas industry still occupy a dominant place in the country's export structure, which makes the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in energy markets. Export diversification, aimed at increasing the share of products from other industries in the structure of Kazakhstan's foreign trade, is an important strategy for reducing economic risks and ensuring sustainable growth. This study is a comprehensive analysis of Kazakhstan's export model for the period from 2017 to 2023, with an emphasis on commodity, geographical and technological diversification. The work assessed the dynamics of the commodity range, the redistribution of export flows by macroregions, the level of product processing, as well as the degree of dependence on a limited range of trading partners. Standardized concentration and diversification indices were used for quantitative assessment, which made it possible to objectively assess the degree of progress and remaining structural constraints. Additionally, the key instruments of state support are considered, the analysis reflects the effectiveness and diversification of these measures by geography. Based on the analysis, practical recommendations are proposed for strengthening export policy, scaling up support for nonprimary exports and expanding the country's foreign economic activity. The results obtained may be of importance to researchers and industry representatives interested in developing strategies to ensure economic stability.