Emission‐Aware Energy Management of an Isolated Water‐Energy Microgrid Considering Hydrogen Vehicles, Demand‐Side Management, and Vehicle‐to‐Grid Technology

ABSTRACT This paper proposes an emission‐aware stochastic optimization framework for the optimal operation of an isolated multi‐energy microgrid (MEM) consisting of water, power, hydrogen, and heat sectors. The proposed MEM uninterruptedly supplies freshwater and multiple energy demands in a remote area without access to the power grid, while satisfying charging demands of a number of plug‐in electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles coordinately. To consider the uncertainty of renewable energy sources in the MEM, different scenarios for solar radiation and wind speed are taken into account in the proposed framework. Furthermore, demand‐side management is realized in power and water sectors of the MEM by implementing demand response (DR) programs. The impacts of three different charging strategies for plug‐in EVs and participation of flexible water and electrical loads in DR programs on economic‐environmental indices of the MEM are investigated. The results confirm that coordinated charging strategy for EVs and using vehicle‐to‐grid technology in peak hours have the potential to decrease operational cost and emissions of the MEM by about 1.05% and more than 0.76%, respectively. In addition, the consideration of DR programs in power and water sectors leads to more than 1.42% cost‐saving and about 0.83% emission reduction.