Prevalence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in Kazakhstan: A retrospective study

Relevance: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is considered to be the main reason for eyesight deficiency and complete vision loss in preterm babies globally. It is essential to be aware of the frequency and contributing conditions to be ready to provide timely treatment. This retrospective research explores ROP prevalence, investigates important mother- and infant-related predisposing factors, and analyses the medical consequences of impacted newborns. The outcomes aim to improve neonatal treatment approaches and guide state-level screening protocols. The study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity to enhance neonatal medical practices and lower the incidence of ROP-induced blindness. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included medical histories of 367 infants born from 2021 to 2022 at the Modern Multidisciplinary Medical Center “Center for Perinatology and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery” (Almaty, Kazakhstan). The prevalence rates, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of retinopathy of prematurity were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: ROP was found in 25% of the newborns; the disease more often affected Zone III (45%). The majority of premature infants were diagnosed with Stage 2 retinopathy (85,7%). Key risk factors included bradycardia (p <0.001), congenital pneumonia (p <0.001), hemorrhagic syndrome (p <0.001), and neonatal jaundice (p <0.001). Conclusion: ROP prevalence varies significantly across regions, with early detection and management critical to reducing the burden of blindness. Further studies are needed to explore regional differences and optimize screening protocols.