A Qualitative Ethnopharmacological Analysis of Cannabis-Based Formulations for Insomnia in Thai Traditional Medicine Recipes

This qualitative research analyzes 34 cannabis-containing formulations for insomnia treatment from Thai Traditional Medicine (TTM) texts. The analysis identified 121 distinct herbs, with Myristica fragrans (9.34%), Cannabis sativa (6.96%), Wurfbainia testacea (3.18%), Borneol camphor (2.98%), and Aquilaria crassna (2.78%) being the most commonly utilized. Cannabis flowers were predominantly utilized (85.71%), preferred over leaves, seeds, and stems, demonstrating traditional practitioners’ recognition of higher cannabinoid concentration in inflorescences. Formulations were categorized into three therapeutic categories: Direct Formula (targeting specific symptoms), Supportive Formula (promoting overall well-being), and Compound Medicine (restoring body balance). The phytochemical effects on sleep regulation were demonstrated through a sophisticated understanding reflected in the predominant taste properties: Spicy-Pungent (28.24%), Fragrant-Cool (19.08%), and Toxic-Narcotic (13.74%). The research identified 18 processed materials and various vehicle substances including cannabis leaf water and alcohol, indicating advanced pharmaceutical preparation techniques predating modern medicine. The findings from this systematic analysis provide a foundation for developing alternative therapies for insomnia and support efforts to preserve the heritage of Thai traditional medicine.