Prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers of colorectal cancer

лукиан самосаткийThe search and application of genetic prognostic and predictive biomarkers in colorectal cancer (CRC) are aimed at identifying the characteristics of colorectal tumors for choosing a therapy strategy. The review is devoted to summarizing the achievements in scientific and clinical research on this topic.Aim. Based on genetic and epigenetic changes in CRC to analyze and summarize the world practice of using them as prognostic and predictive biomarkers of CRC to assess the patient’s prognosis and response to therapy.The analysis of modern literature data published in leading peer-reviewed journals in the Russian and international databases of scientific citation RSCI (Russian Science Citation Index), Medline and PubMed is carried out. The main phenotypes of the CRC pathogenesis are considered, as well as their possible functional intersections during the development of the disease. Both biomarkers already used in global clinical practice and potential promising biomarkers, including gene expression, are analyzed to identify subgroups of patients with high cancer risk at early stages of CRC. As a new approach from the perspective of personalized medicine, a set of tumor derivatives in biological media detected by liquid biopsy: circulating tumor cells, circulating DNA, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs is considered as biomarkers. It is noted that the joint use of biomarkers makes it possible to improve the prognosis and selection of therapeutic effects. A review of the literature confirms that modern methods of genetic analysis make a significant contribution to understanding the molecular mechanisms of CRC progression and resistance to antitumor therapy, thereby facilitating the selection of the most appropriate treatment strategy. To assess the potential of individual CRC biomarkers or biomarker panels, large-scale standardized studies and verification of these biomarkers in prospective international programs are necessary.