Sustainability Assessment of Cement Types via Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods

Cement production significantly contributes to global warming, resource depletion, environmental degradation, and environmental pollution. Identifying sustainable alternatives is critical but requires balancing multiple, often conflicting, factors. The objective of this study is to determine the most preferred cement alternative produced in South Africa using an integrated life cycle assessment (LCA) and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework. The LCA quantified the environmental impacts of seven different cement-type alternatives across 18 midpoint impact categories. The LCA results showed that slag cement-based CEM III/A achieved a 50% reduction in global warming potential (GWP) compared to traditional CEM I (0.57 vs. 0.99 kg CO2 eq. This study also used the entropy-weighted, COPRAS and ARAS methodologies to evaluate and rank cement types based on their environmental impacts and weighted sustainability criteria and the results showed that fly ash-based CEM II/B-V demonstrated the highest overall sustainability, with utility scores of 100.00 (COPRAS) and 0.7257 (ARAS) in MCDM ranking. These results highlight that fly ash-based cement offers substantial environmental benefits over traditional CEM I, particularly in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and resource consumption. The integrated LCA–MCDM method enables robust prioritization by linking quantitative environmental impacts with objective ranking criteria. Although this analysis focuses on South African cement formulations, the methodology and findings are applicable to other regions with similar production profiles and SCM availability. The framework offers a practical tool for policymakers and industry to support environmentally responsible decision-making in cement production.