An Overview of Cardiomyopathies: Categorization, Development of Pathogenesis Concepts of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, and Prospects for Innovative Treatments

Component of MOGE(S) system involved morphofunctional, organ Involvement, genetic or familial Inheritance Pattern and etiological annotation functional status (MOGE (S) which provides a precise classification framework. Dilated cardiomyopathy, commonly associated with heart failure, is frequently caused by ischemic heart disease and hypertension. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) caused by sarcomeric protein gene mutations is characterized by diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmia. Restrictive cardiomyopathy, associated with conditions such as amyloidosis, leads to ventricular rigidity, while arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, a hereditary condition, replaces myocardial with fibrofatty tissue, causing arrhythmias. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, triggered by stress, results in left ventricular dysfunction. The causes of cardiomyopathies include inherited, acquired, and secondary factors, as well as inflammatory, endocrine, viral, and toxic origins. Recent advancements, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FAD) -approved mavacamten for HCM, pyridoxamine for doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, and dexrazoxane for anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, highlight progress in the treatment. However, managing cardiomyopathies still remain challenging, emphasizing the need for further research to develop effective therapies.