From data to insights: a comprehensive analysis of pilgrims stress and fatigue during Hajj using wearable remote sensing systems

The research investigates the physical and psychological stress experienced by pilgrims during Hajj and Umrah through the implementation of advanced technologies which include wearable sensors and remote sensing systems. The study achieves a "comprehensive understanding" through its multidimensional approach which combines physiological data with environmental information and subjective feedback to analyze stress dynamics beyond previous pilgrimage research. The framework demonstrates strong methodological quality through its combination of real-time biometrics with geospatial tracking and validated questionnaires but its small sample size restricts generalization. The framework provides a fundamental model for detecting essential stress thresholds but future research should focus on expanding the system and conducting extensive validation tests. The system tracks heart rate and energy expenditure and fatigue levels through Apple Watches and mobile applications and web-based analytics software which combine these biometric measurements with environmental data points that include geographical positions and activity types. The research delivers practical findings about high-stress levels which guide the development of specific interventions to boost pilgrimage experiences despite its restricted participant pool. This research leads the way for innovative solutions which align with Vision 2030 to enhance crowd management and healthcare services and overall well-being during Hajj and Umrah. The dataset will become available to the public after acceptance.