Approaching zero-carbon development through modular construction: A case study of healthcare buildings in London

The global drive for net-zero carbon emissions has made zero-carbon buildings an essential goal, with modular construction emerging as a key strategy to achieve this. This research examines how modular construction can contribute to zero-carbon building objectives, specifically focusing on healthcare buildings. The Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU) modular building project at St George's University Hospital serves as a case study, assessing the carbon footprint across various lifecycle stages and evaluating its performance according to Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) standards. The study demonstrates that modular construction reduces carbon emissions through energy-efficient designs, the use of low-carbon materials, and optimized resource utilization in the production phase. Waste reduction during manufacturing, shortened assembly time, and the use of renewable energy further contribute to minimizing operational emissions. Additionally, the modular design facilitates future reuse and re-cycling of components during deconstruction. While high initial capital costs remain a challenge, the benefits of modular construction in terms of energy efficiency, sustainable material use, waste management and ecological considerations make it a promising solution. The research concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers, urban planners, and construction professionals to promote modular construction as a pathway to near-zero carbon building development.