Major Livestock-associated Zoonoses in Mongolia: An Overview

Mongolia's unique socio-economic and geographical characteristics, including its vast grasslands and reliance on traditional livestock herding, create significant risks for the emergence and transmission of novel zoonotic pathogens. With a livestock population exceeding 64 million, close interactions between humans and animals are integral to the livelihoods of rural communities, heightening the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission. Major livestock-associated zoonoses in Mongolia, such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, anthrax, and rabies, significantly impact humans, livestock, and the economy. Traditional practices, such as the consumption of raw or unpasteurized animal products, and challenges like climate change, limited access to veterinary services, and nomadic herding, exacerbate these risks. Some collaborative zoonotic pathogen control strategies involving health and veterinary sectors have been implemented, including surveillance programs, and vaccination efforts. However, gaps remain in disease management, surveillance, and public education. Strengthening infrastructure and adopting a One Health approach is critical to mitigating zoonotic pathogen risks for both humans and animals.