A constructivist framework for the central Asian regional security complex: identity, interests and security dynamics

Abstract This article examines the underlying logic and features of the newly emerging central Asian regional security complex (RSC). It explores how the Chinese-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) relates to shifting security dynamics in central Asia. The study identifies a gap in existing conceptual debates, which often overlook how regional engagements and initiatives reshape regional security beyond the post-Soviet context. Using a constructivist framework, this research reconceptualizes the relationship between the BRI and the formation of an independent central Asian RSC, focusing on the notion of mutual constitution to explain the interplay between regional structures and state behaviours. Methodologically, the article combines constructivist analysis with consideration of the influences of BRI-related projects, emphasizing their impact on regional security norms and practices. Key findings suggest that the BRI influences norm formation and fosters new security linkages in shaping the emerging central Asian RSC. Shaped by these linkages, it represents an alternative to Russian security guarantees and stands in contrast to the ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’ (FOIP) strategy. This study highlights the need to view the BRI's influence as central to understanding contemporary regional security in central Asia.