Review: Examine the Role of Nanomaterials in Enhancing the Efficacy of Heavy Metal Wastewater Remediation Techniques

The increasing concentrations of heavy metals (HM) in the water bodies, primarily caused by the rapid use of fertilizers in farming and increasing industrialization, pose a serious threat to the deteriorating earth’s environment and human health. This pollution is dangerous to water-dwelling life forms and is also of concern because it is believed to be a carcinogen. To overcome these challenges, constant water quality analysis must be done. Out of all the remediation methods, the adsorption-based techniques are considered one of the most suitable means of addressing the problem of heavy metal toxicity in wastewater. The latest trends in the application of Functionalized Magnetic Nanomaterials (MNPs) attached to nanocomposites, including carbon-based materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Graphene Oxide (GOx), and Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) and inorganic supports like Zeolites (ZLs) and Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), demonstrate high efficiency in the extraction of heavy metals (HM). These nanocomposites possess a higher rate of active surface area and can adsorb properties, which make them reusable over multiple cycles of treatment in various forms of wastewater. This review will discuss the preparation method of engineering MNPs on CNTS and GOx and analyze modern materials' role in removing heavy metals. Besides, due to the observed effects of the substances on the biota, the study will highlight the need to conduct more research on the ecotoxicological effects of the materials and design suitable methods that can guarantee the effectiveness of the materials in promoting a sustainable environment.