Microbial contamination and antibiotic resistance in athletic undergarments: A cross-sectional study among university athletes

Background: Athletes face elevated risks of skin infections due to frequent sweating, fabric friction, and suboptimal hygiene. This study investigated the presence of pathogenic bacteria in undergarments of university athletes and explored the relationship between hygiene practices and dermatological symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 35 participants. Behavioral data were collected via structured questionnaires, and fabric samples were analyzed for microbial contamination. Bacteria were cultured, identified, and tested for antibiotic resistance. Statistical associations were assessed using Chi-square and Cramér’s V analysis. Results: Although sweating and body odor were commonly reported, no significant statistical relationship was found between hygiene behaviors (e.g., dress cleaning frequency) and symptoms such as itching or allergy. Cramér’s V analysis revealed moderate associations between gender and detergent use (0.93), and playtime with dress placement (0.47). Laboratory analysis identified coliform and staphylococcal species, with notable resistance to commonly used antibiotics including penicillin and cefuroxime. Conclusion: While self-reported symptoms were not strongly linked to hygiene practices, microbial findings suggest potential risks from reused or poorly cleaned undergarments. Gender-based behavior differences and antimicrobial resistance patterns warrant targeted hygiene education and further microbial surveillance in athletic environments.