Radiofrequency ablation for cholangiocarcinoma � Safety and effectiveness in clinical prac-tice

Cholangiocarcinoma comprises a heterogeneous group of biliary tract neoplasms, and represents the second most common neoplasm of the liver (15 %) after hepatocellular carcinoma. Diagnosis is achieved through various imaging techniques and is generally made at an advanced stage, often rendering the tumor unresectable. Bipolar biliary radiofrequency ablation is a palliative treatment that, when applied endoscopically, is a safe and effective technique. It is indicated for inoperable cholangiocarcinomas presenting with jaundice, to recanalize the biliary tract and restore patency of obstructed metal stents, and even as a pre-stenting therapy. Its primary indication is in hilar cholangiocarcinomas, particularly extrahepatic tumors. This technique should likely be incorporated into treatment protocols for cholangiocarcinoma, as well as for the management of occluded metal stents in other types of malignancies.