Optimal Scheduling of Multi-Storage Tank-Based Hydrogen Refueling Stations in Distribution Systems via Joint Power and Hydrogen Peak Shaving

In an integrated power–hydrogen distribution system (IPHDS), on-site hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) with photovoltaic (PV) systems, battery energy storage systems, electrolyzers (ELs), fuel cells, and hydrogen storage tanks (HSTs) are key devices for maintaining reliable and cost-effective IPHDS operations via power peak shaving while supporting the charging demands of hydrogen vehicles (HVs). This study proposes an optimization framework that ensures profitable and robust operations of on-site HRSs under uncertainties in IPHDSs. Compared with conventional methods that manage IPHDS operation using single HST (S-HST)-based HRSs through only power peak shaving, the proposed method performs dual-peak shaving of power and hydrogen through substations and ELs in multiple HST (M-HST)-based HRSs, respectively. The proposed optimization framework is implemented using chance-constrained optimization (CCO) to address uncertainties in PV generation outputs and HV charging demands in IPHDSs. Furthermore, the proposed CCO framework includes constraints that adjust the predicted HV charging demand, thereby satisfying the actual HV charging demand for each predetermined scheduling period. Numerical examples conducted on IPHDSs (IEEE 33-node and 69-node power distribution systems with three and five on-site HRSs) show that, compared to a method with S-HST and only power peak shaving, the proposed CCO method with M-HST based on dual-peak shaving of power and hydrogen increases the total profit by 5.88% and 8.19% on average, respectively, under varying HV charging demand adjustment period and chance-constraint violation probability.