A Literature-Based Evaluation of Cloud-Based Multi- Modal Biometric Authentication for Secure Identity Management in the Philippines

This study performs an integrative review of relevant recent scholarly articles, including peer-reviewed papers, to determine the viability of adopting cloud-based multimodal biometric authentication systems in the Philippines. Based on secondary data extracted from Scopus-indexed and ScienceDirect publications from 2020 to 2024, the study classifies findings concerning performance metrics, data protection mechanisms, and adoption determinants. The evaluation is based on a cloud-secured platform using a mix of biometric modalities such as finger, face, and iris recognition. El_Rahman and Alluhaidan (2024) argue that multimodal systems will always outperform unimodal systems in terms of accuracy and robustness, with accuracy rates exceeding 97% and average authentication time less than 2.5 s. Moreover, users' acceptability is directly related to perceived security, usefulness, and ease of use, particularly in the e-government (Piotrowska, 2024). Security, such as homomorphic encryption and blockchain, also contributes to the protection of biometric information (Krishna, Prakasha & Sumalatha, 2025). The study emphasizes adherence to the standards set forth by existing regulations, such as the Philippine Data Privacy Act of 2012, as a fundamental ethical consideration. Offline capabilities are also emphasized as key means to address problems with connectivity, which are prevalent in rural areas (Ryu et al., 2023; DICT, 2022). Based on the Technology Acceptance Model and Information Security Theory, the study verifies the scalability and feasibility of the multi-modal biometric authentication systems in the Philippine setting. Barriers include excessive reliance on secondary sources of data and a lack of field testing. Implications for improving implementation strategies and guiding future research are provided.