Next-generation Biomarkers in Multiple Myeloma: Understanding the Molecular Basis for Potential Use in Diagnosis and Prognosis

Abstract The second-most common blood cancer, multiple myeloma (MM), is characterized by abnormal proliferation and an accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. While the markers currently used in MM diagnosis and assessment are showing promising results, the disease’s incidence and mortality rate remain high, so there is a global interest in exploring and developing better diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. In this review, we highlight some of the recently reported and investigated novel biomarkers that have great potential as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools in MM, including angiogenic markers, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteomic and immunological biomarkers, and some of the advanced methodologies that could be used in the early detection of MM. This review highlights recently investigated novel biomarkers with significant potential, including angiogenic markers, miRNAs, and proteomic and immunological biomarkers. In addition, we discuss advanced methodologies, such as next-generation sequencing and liquid biopsies, for early detection of MM. These emerging biomarkers and techniques represent a promising step toward improving patient outcomes through earlier diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.