Computational analysis of magnetized heat transfer in a non-Darcy porous enclosure using ternary hybrid nanofluid and finite volume MAC method

The study focuses on numerical investigation into heat transfer enhancement in a square enclosure occupied with a permeable medium, saturated by nanofluid (Al 2 O 3 +TiO 2 +SiO 2 /H 2 O), in the existence of a magnetic field. The finite volume-based marker and cell (MAC) scheme is used to obtain solutions of the governing equations, with a focus on the impact of Rayleigh number (Ra), internal heat generation/absorption (Q), Darcy number (Da) and Hartmann number (Ha) on flow and thermal distribution. The results show that increasing Ra intensifies buoyancy-driven convection, while higher Da values enhance fluid motion and thermal flow. The magnetic field, represented by Ha, stabilizes the flow, reducing convection as Ha increases. Internal heat generation is shown to enhance buoyancy, leading to stronger convective currents. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights for the optimization of cooling systems, heat exchangers and other thermal management applications involving porous media, nanofluids and external fields.