Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) induced macrophage biphasic polarization regulated by dexamethasone in vivo

Optimized rhBMP-2 dosage facilitates a balanced macrophage polarization state, creating a pro-regenerative microenvironment through coordinated inflammatory resolution and tissue remodeling signals. For clinical applications requiring high rhBMP-2 doses, concurrent short-term anti-inflammatory therapy (e.g., dexamethasone) is recommended to mitigate excessive M1 polarization without compromising osteoinductive capacity.