Transmission of Multidrug-resistant Organisms from Companion Animals to Humans: An Overview and the Imperative for One Health Management

Addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires an integrated One Health approach that recognizes the interconnections between humans, animals, and the environment.Companion animals have recently emerged as a significant component of the One Health framework, as they can be both reservoirs and transmitters of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs).Transmission routes are categorized as direct contact, such as skin contact, licking, and bites, and indirect contact via shared environments, contaminated food or feed, and soil.Horizontal transfer of resistance genes also plays a key role in the spread of AMR.Preventive strategies should include household hygiene practices, routine veterinary care, safe human-animal interactions, and responsible antibiotic use.In addition, a multidisciplinary One Health approach is essential, incorporating stronger collaboration between medical and veterinary professionals, the development of integrated surveillance systems, and structured clinical assessment and management in healthcare settings.Companion animal-associated MDROs pose a potential risk not only within individual households but also at the community level.Therefore, establishing a comprehensive and coordinated response strategy encompassing humans, animals, and the environment is essential.