Pemikiran Tokoh Tokoh Pembaharu Islam di India dan Pakistan

This article examines the thoughts of Islamic reformist figures in the Indian and Pakistani region, such as Shah Waliullah al-Dihlawi, Muhammad Iqbal, Abul A‘la Maududi, and Fazlur Rahman. Each of these figures made significant contributions to shaping Islamic reform discourse that responded to the challenges of colonialism, modernity, and the internal crises of the Muslim ummah. This study employs a qualitative approach through a literature review to analyze their main ideas, including reinterpretation of religious texts, the concept of an Islamic state, the role of reason in understanding revelation, as well as the importance of education and social ethics in community development. Based on the results and discussion of the reformist thoughts of these Muslim thinkers, it can be concluded that Islamic reform in this region emerged from a complex intellectual struggle between tradition, the demands of modernity, and the socio-political conditions of the post-colonial Muslim society. Although these figures had different approaches and focuses—from rationalizing Islamic teachings, reviving ijtihad, reforming educational institutions, to reconstructing the Islamic political system—they were united by a grand vision of positioning Islam as a moral, social, and civilizational force capable of responding to the dynamics of the times. Shah Waliullah emphasized the reconciliation between sharia and Sufism in the context of holistic community development; Iqbal proposed spiritual and philosophical renewal as a basis for progress; Maududi offered the concept of theodemocracy in response to secularism; while Fazlur Rahman developed a methodological approach based on contextual ijtihad and the social ethics of the Qur’an. These thinkers collectively emphasized the importance of rereading Islamic texts by considering historical context and contemporary needs, as well as the necessity of synthesizing revelation and reason as the foundation of reform.