Fightin’ words in Pauline texts:Their polemical appropriation in modern political discourse

The politicisation of biblical language has become more acute with the rise of Christian nationalism and right-wing movements in many countries. This article explores the American political scene and its rhetorical appropriation of biblical language. Fightin’ words drawn from presumed Pauline texts, have become staple rhetoric among candidates seeking to attract Christian voters to their cause. The article then discusses the use of such discourse by Republican and Democrat politicians in recent decades. Next, it attempts to reduce, if possible, combative speech by examining three verses: 1 Timothy 1:18, 6:12, and 2 Timothy 4:7. It asks whether Bible translators have accurately conveyed the Greek text of these verses in English. The article argues that modern translations have overlooked the contextual meaning and lexical background found in the material culture of the Graeco-Roman world. It is hoped that the proposed new translations will produce less toxic debate in future political discourse.