Review of the application of geothermal heat pump systems in buildings

Geothermal heat pumps are an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technology applicable both in the construction of new facilities and in the modernization of existing buildings. They operate using renewable thermal energy from the Earth, which reduces the impact on the environment. The article considers theoretical and practical aspects of using geothermal heat pumps in heating systems of buildings for various purposes. The main attention is paid to the analysis of design solutions, operating principles, as well as factors affecting the efficiency of the systems, such as thermal conductivity of the soil and climatic features of the region. Various types of geothermal systems are considered: horizontal, vertical and open loops. Also provided are examples of implemented projects in climatically diverse regions of Russia (Moscow, Murmansk region, Kamchatka, Sochi). The article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive assessment of the economic feasibility of implementing systems, taking into account long-term performance indicators and regional conditions (Climatic conditions — geological and hydrological characteristics — economic factors such as the cost of electricity or fuel, the cost of labor and building materials, as well as government financial support).