In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 <sup>3</sup>He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Event

Abstract On 2022 March 28, a solar eruption from active region AR 12975 produced a solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed by BepiColombo (BC; 0.57 au), STEREO-A (STA; 0.97 au), GOES (1.0 au), ACE (L1), and Wind (L1). The event was associated with an M4.0 soft X-ray flare peaking at 11:29 UTC, a Type III radio burst (0.1–16 MHz) at 11:24 UTC, a metric Type II radio burst (25–250 MHz) at 11:23 UTC, and a coronal mass ejection with a speed of 700 km s −1 . BC and STA, magnetically aligned along the same Parker spiral and well connected to the flare site (footpoint separations of 19 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>°</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:math> 8 and 16 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>°</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:math> 5, respectively), detected a gradual SEP event with remarkable impulsive characteristics, including a high 3 He/ 4 He ratio (0.7 at 1 MeV), elevated Fe/O ratio (∼0.5 increasing with energy), a 3 He spectrum harder than that of other ions, and particle dropouts at BC linked to intermittent magnetic connections. Near-Earth spacecraft (44 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>°</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:math> 8 from the flare site) observed abundance ratios closer to coronal values, and more uniform proton/heavy-ion spectra. Our findings suggest both the contribution of particles accelerated by a quasi-parallel shock and a direct contribution from flare suprathermals, accelerated during postflare ongoing reconnection, at well connected spacecraft.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
The Astrophysical Journal
Published
2025-06-30
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add5f1
Primary Topic
Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00
Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
article

In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Event

Matthew J. West, Hans‐Ulrich Auster, Rosanna Rispoli, R. Sordini et al.
The Astrophysical Journal
Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
article

In-depth Analysis of the 2022 March 28 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Event

Matthew J. West, Hans‐Ulrich Auster, Rosanna Rispoli, R. Sordini, L. Colasanti, A. Mura, Anna Milillo, Monica Laurenza, Stefano Orsini, Srikar P. Tadepalli, K. C. Shyama Narendranath, Go Murakami, R. Noschese, Beatriz Sánchez‐Cano, Simone Benella, Alessandro Brin, Alessandro Aronica, Valeria Mangano, Grace Richards, Nello Vertolli, Christina Plainaki, Lorenzo Biasiotti, H. Nilsson, S. Massetti, Martin Wieser, Elisabetta De Angelis, D. Constantinescu, H. Jeszenszky, S. Barabash, Adrian Kazakov, Daniel Heyner, Stavro Ivanovski, Ali Varsani, Martina Moroni, Pietro Zucca, Hayley Williamson, Mirko Stumpo, Ingo Richter, D. Fischer, Pier Paolo Di Bartolomeo, Livio Narici, Gunter Laky
article en

Abstract

Abstract On 2022 March 28, a solar eruption from active region AR 12975 produced a solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed by BepiColombo (BC; 0.57 au), STEREO-A (STA; 0.97 au), GOES (1.0 au), ACE (L1), and Wind (L1). The event was associated with an M4.0 soft X-ray flare peaking at 11:29 UTC, a Type III radio burst (0.1–16 MHz) at 11:24 UTC, a metric Type II radio burst (25–250 MHz) at 11:23 UTC, and a coronal mass ejection with a speed of 700 km s −1 . BC and STA, magnetically aligned along the same Parker spiral and well connected to the flare site (footpoint separations of 19 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>°</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:math> 8 and 16 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>°</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:math> 5, respectively), detected a gradual SEP event with remarkable impulsive characteristics, including a high 3 He/ 4 He ratio (0.7 at 1 MeV), elevated Fe/O ratio (∼0.5 increasing with energy), a 3 He spectrum harder than that of other ions, and particle dropouts at BC linked to intermittent magnetic connections. Near-Earth spacecraft (44 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>°</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:math> 8 from the flare site) observed abundance ratios closer to coronal values, and more uniform proton/heavy-ion spectra. Our findings suggest both the contribution of particles accelerated by a quasi-parallel shock and a direct contribution from flare suprathermals, accelerated during postflare ongoing reconnection, at well connected spacecraft.

The Astrophysical JournalVol. 987(1)
Openalex Percentile: Top 90%
Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.