Four‐Element MIMO Patch Antenna With High Gain, High Isolation, and Polarization Diversity Characteristics for 28‐GHz Applications

This article presents the design of a high‐gain, highly isolated four‐element multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna system operating at the millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) 28 GHz frequency band. The radiating element of the MIMO antenna comprises a 1 × 2 array of crescent‐shaped patch elements backed by a full ground plane, having overall dimensions of 33 × 33 mm 2 (3.08 λ × 3.08 λ ), where λ is the wavelength at 28 GHz. A 0.787‐mm‐thick low‐loss dielectric substrate having a relative permittivity ( ε r ) of 2.2 and a loss tangent (tanδ) of 0.009 is used for the antenna design. It is observed that the designed radiating element provides resonance at 28.18 GHz and has a 6.21% fractional bandwidth (FBW) and a peak realized gain of 10.5 dBi. The radiation and total efficiency of the radiator are noted to be >85% and ≥75%, respectively, in the operating bandwidth. For polarization diversity and high isolation characteristics, the MIMO elements are arranged in an orthogonal manner, which helps achieve an isolation of >22.5 dB for adjacent elements and >32.5 dB for diagonally placed elements in the entire band of interest. Furthermore, MIMO system parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) <0.003, diversity gain (DG) >10 dB, total active reflection coefficient (TARC) < −10 dB, and channel capacity loss (CCL) <0.5 bps/Hz are observed, which fall within the operational limits. Based on the achieved outcomes, the proposed design is well suited for mm‐wave 28 GHz communication devices.