Green Engineering of Bio-Epoxy Resin: Functionalized Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Thermal, Mechanical, Surface and Magnetic Properties

In the pursuit of environmental sustainability, reduced emissions, and alignment with circular economy principles, bio-epoxy resin nanocomposites have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional petroleum-based resins. This study investigates the development of novel bio-epoxy nanocomposites incorporating iron-oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃, MnP) as multifunctional fillers at loadings of 0.5 wt.% and 3.0 wt.%. MnP nanoparticles were synthesized and subsequently functionalized with citric acid (MnP-CA) to enhance their surface properties. Comprehensive characterization of MnP and MnP-CA was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the crystalline structure, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and zeta potential measurements to confirm surface functionalization. The bio-epoxy resins matrix (bio-EP), optimized for compatibility with MnP and MnP-CA, was thoroughly analyzed in terms of chemical structure, thermal stability, curing behavior, dynamic-mechanical properties, and surface characteristics. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to evaluate the curing kinetics of both the neat (bio-EP) and the MnP/MnP-CA-reinforced composites, offering insights into the influence of nanoparticle functionalization on the resin system. Surface zeta potential measurements further elucidated the effect of filler content on the surface charge and hydrophilicity. Magnetic characterization revealed superparamagnetic behavior in all MnP- and MnP-CA-reinforced (bio-EP) composites. This research provides a foundational framework for the design of green bio-epoxy nanocomposites, demonstrating their potential as environmentally friendly materials and representing an emerging class of sustainable alternatives. The results underscore the viability of bio-epoxy systems as a transformative solution for advancing sustainable resin technologies across eco-conscious industries.