COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMATERIALS FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF JAW BONE DEFECTS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF INFLAMMATORY COMPLICATIONS

In contemporary clinical practice, biomaterials are considered a promising alternative to traditional bone grafts due to their potentially unlimited availability, bioinertness, and reduced likelihood of developing inflammatory complications. At the same time, the implementation of tissue engineering methods in clinical practice remains limited by a number of barriers. Current approaches aim to create conditions for functional bone tissue regeneration through the synergy of biomaterials, cellular technologies, and factor-based therapy. This study presents a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various types of biomaterials and cellular components, as well as strategies aimed at improving the regeneration of bone defects. The functional characteristics of osteoconductive scaffolds, their microand nanostructural properties, and biomimetic features were evaluated. Based on the obtained data, we developed an algorithm for the selection and application of biomaterials in oral surgery: precise selection of the type of bone substitute based on the anatomical and functional characteristics of the defect; individualized implant preparation, including surface modification; and the use of bioactive matrices containing growth factors and structural analogues of the extracellular matrix. It was established that bone substitute materials must meet several critical requirements: architectural compatibility with the geometry of the bone defect and the ability to integrate into the niche of the natural extracellular matrix; the presence of osteogenic cells that initiate the formation and remodeling of both cellular and extracellular components of the newly formed bone; the ability to promote neovascularization ensuring adequate microvascular supply in the implantation area; and morphogenetic signals regulating the targeted differentiation of stem cells toward the osteoblastic phenotype. It was demonstrated that the surface morphology and chemical composition of the biomaterial play a decisive role in modulating the recipient tissue response. The use of nanostructured surfaces, hydrophilic polymers, and bioactive coatings reduces the degree of inflammatory response and improves implant integration into the bone environment.