Real-time greenhouse management using IoT, digital twin, and augmented reality for optimal control and decision-making

This article investigates the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), digital twin (DT), and augmented reality (AR) technologies to advance digital services in the management, monitoring, and control of agricultural greenhouses, addressing the sector's technological demands. By leveraging advanced technologies, this research aims to enhance efficiency across various fields, including industry, logistics, and commerce. The core objective is to develop a prototype IoT system, incorporating DT and AR, to create a digital transformation environment. This system provides real-time visualization and monitoring of sensor data from physical IoT devices, enabling user interaction and control through microcontroller-based sensor nodes installed in the greenhouse. Data transmission is achieved using the MQTT protocol, while an AR application facilitates greenhouse visualization and control. The findings demonstrate the system's effectiveness in enabling real-time communication between IoT devices and the AR application, with users successfully performing tasks without prior experience, thereby validating the system's usability and efficiency.