The Spring Conservation Potential Model Based on Recharge Area Delineation Using Water Balance and Stable Isotope: A Study in the Spring Volcanic Complex in Bandung, Indonesia

Bandung, an urban area with volcanic geology, relies heavily on springs for clean water. However, population growth has led to land use changes and increased water consumption, threatening spring sustainability through reduced recharge and over-extraction. This study examines Cibadak and Pasir Impun Springs in the Bandung Basin, revealing distinct characteristics and recharge mechanisms. Using water balance (FJ Mock model) and stable isotope (δ2H and δ18O) analysis, we observed lithology, discharge, pH, electrical conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids. Cibadak Spring (porous aquifer) discharges 20 L/s, with recharge extending into the Cikapundung Watershed (950-1313 masl). Conservation methods include pond retention and recharge wells. Pasir Impun Spring (fractured aquifer) discharges 4 L/s, with recharge in the Cisaranten Watershed (951-1272 masl). We propose upstream dams for conservation. Our findings emphasize the need for spring-specific conservation efforts to ensure long-term sustainability of these crucial water resources, enhancing regional water management and environmental conservation in the Bandung Basin.