Astaxanthin's Role in Modulating Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chemobrain

Chemobrain, or chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI), is a significant side effect affecting cancer survivors, characterized by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. This review examines the potential role of astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory carotenoid, in mitigating these key pathological features. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on studies that investigated the effects of astaxanthin on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive function in models relevant to chemobrain. Studies included both in vitro and in vivo models, as well as clinical trials where available. Preclinical studies demonstrate that astaxanthin can effectively reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocytes, and decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, astaxanthin exhibits strong antioxidant properties, scavenging free radicals and boosting endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms. These effects are reflected in improved cognitive performance in animal models of chemobrain exposed to chemotherapeutic agents. The potential mechanisms of action of astaxanthin in modulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are discussed, highlighting its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and directly influence neuronal health. Astaxanthin shows promise as a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating chemobrain by targeting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise molecular targets and signaling pathways involved. Identifying the specific mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin would facilitate the development of more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies for chemobrain.