Morphometric, Biomechanical and Macromolecular Performances of β-TCP Macro/Micro-Porous Lattice Scaffolds Fabricated via Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing for Jawbone Engineering

Effective bone tissue regeneration remains pivotal in implant dentistry, particularly for edentulous patients with compromised alveolar bone due to atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Biomaterials are essential for promoting regenerative processes by supporting cellular recruitment, vascularization, and osteogenesis. This study presents the development and characterization of a novel lithography-printed ceramic β-TCP scaffold, with a macro/micro-porous lattice, engineered to optimize osteoconduction and mechanical stability. Morphological, structural, and biomechanical assessments confirmed a reproducible microarchitecture with suitable porosity and load-bearing capacity. The scaffold was also employed for maxillary sinus augmentation, with postoperative evaluation using micro computed tomography, synchrotron imaging, histology, and Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging analysis, demonstrating active bone regeneration, scaffold resorption, and formation of mineralized tissue. Advanced imaging supported by deep learning tools revealed a well-organized osteocyte network and high-quality bone, underscoring the scaffold's biocompatibility and osteoconductive efficacy. These findings support the application of these 3D-printed β-TCP scaffolds in regenerative dental medicine, facilitating tissue regeneration in complex jawbone deficiencies.