Anesthesia Management in Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery: A Comprehensive Protocol

Minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) has emerged as an alternative to conventional median sternotomy, offering benefits such as reduced trauma, faster recovery, and decreased postoperative complications.However, MICS presents unique challenges for anesthetic management, including airway control, one-lung ventilation (OLV), hemodynamic stability, pain management, and postoperative recovery.This article provides a structured anesthesia protocol for MICS, focusing on preoperative assessment, perioperative management, and postoperative care.