Driver-Centric Capacitated Electric Vehicle Routing Problem: A Human Energy-Aware Approach

Abstract We solved the challenge of integrating hours of regulation in long haul deliveries into the electric vehicle routing problem and investigated its impact from the perspectives of the drivers and fleet operators. The routing and driver's charging and rest schedule are optimized using a hierarchical hybrid ant colony system algorithm. The algorithm is validated on 12 modified electric vehicle routing problem (EVRP) instances containing 21–199 customers. It was found that the delivery time considering breaks would not significantly increase if the resting facility provided a charging service. Additionally, the proposed schedule optimizer is able to save more than 10% delivery time.