The role of diet, physical activity and sleep hygiene in therapy and prevention of mental disorders

Aim: This narrative review presents current evidence on the influence of diet, physical activity, and sleep hygiene on the prevention and management of mental disorders. The goal is to identify modifiable lifestyle factors that can support psychiatric care and reduce symptom burden in conditions such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, dementia, and bipolar disorder. Methods: A non-systematic literature review was conducted using international scientific databases, focusing on publications from 2015 to 2024. Emphasis was placed on studies addressing biological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and practical applications of nutrition, exercise, and sleep-related interventions in mental health. Results: Dietary patterns rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins, and fiber—such as the Mediterranean and anti-inflammatory diets—have been associated with improvements in mood, cognitive function, and treatment response in depression and schizophrenia. Ketogenic and low-carbohydrate diets may influence neurochemistry and inflammation, though evidence remains inconclusive. Regular physical activity is associated with enhanced neuroplasticity, reduced inflammation, and improved emotional regulation. Different exercise modalities, including aerobic and resistance training, have demonstrated benefits across a range of psychiatric conditions. Adequate sleep hygiene, through regulation of circadian rhythms and minimizing sleep disturbances, plays a critical role in mental health maintenance and relapse prevention. Conclusions: Diet, physical activity, and sleep hygiene are modifiable lifestyle components with established and emerging roles in the prevention and therapy of mental disorders. Their integration into psychiatric care may enhance treatment outcomes, reduce relapse risk, and support overall mental well-being. Further studies should define optimal interventions, ensure feasibility in clinical settings, and address population-specific needs.