Optimization of the Organic Matter Content and Temperature in a Bioreactor to Enhance Carbon Monoxide Production During the Initial Phase of Food Waste Composting

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a key reactant in industries like chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and metallurgy, with a projected global market of $8.2 billion by 2032. A novel method of CO production is biowaste composting, but the impact of organic matter content (OMC) on CO yield remains unexplored. Since OMC affects composting costs, optimizing it is crucial for economic feasibility. This study aimed to identify the optimal OMC in bioreactors for CO production during food waste composting. A laboratory process was conducted in bioreactors with forced aeration. Food waste (FW) was mixed with gravelite (G) at ratios of 1:0, 1:1, and 1:2 (FW:G), corresponding to 95%, 40%, and 20% dry OMC. Bioreactors were incubated at 45 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C with ~5% oxygen. The highest CO levels were at 70 °C for FW:G 1:2, with an average of 655 ppm and a maximum of 2000 ppm. Daily CO emissions were highest at 70 °C, reaching up to 1.25 mg. Therefore, the study demonstrated that even a low organic matter content allows for CO production during composting under thermophilic conditions (~70 °C) with limited oxygen. Industrial modeling estimated daily CO yield from 39.25 to 670.61 g, with a 7-day market value between USD 28.89 and USD 175.86. Further studies are needed for large-scale feasibility.