Therapeutic Potential of Ephedra alata Alcoholic Extract Against Lead Acetate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Albino Rats: Biochemical, Histological, and Antioxidant Insights

Objective: This study investigated the nephroprotective potential of Ephedra alata alcoholic extract against lead acetate-induced toxicity in rats. Methods: Forty male albino rats were assigned to five groups: control, lead acetate only, E. alata only, therapeutic (lead + E. alata), and preventive (E. alata + lead). Kidney function, oxidative stress, cytokine levels, and tissue morphology were evaluated. Results: Lead acetate significantly increased serum urea, creatinine, MDA, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels (p<0.05), while reducing GPx. Co-administration of E. alata reversed these alterations. Histologically, E. alata mitigated renal damage and preserved tissue structure. Conclusion: Ephedra alata extract exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, effectively protecting against lead-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.