Key Regulators of Seed Germination: Kinases and Phosphatases

Seed germination is the initial step in a plant’s life cycle; it is precisely regulated by many factors at the molecular and biological levels. Reversible protein phosphorylation, which is regulated by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, plays a key role in hormone signal transduction, energy metabolism, stress response, and plant growth and development, including seed germination. This review provides a comprehensive elucidation of the coordinated regulatory mechanisms mediated by kinases and phosphatases during seed germination, with particular emphasis on their dynamic interplay and reciprocal modulation within biological signaling networks. Through the systematic integration of current research findings, we mechanistically dissect the sophisticated phosphorylation–dephosphorylation circuitry that governs metabolic activation, hormonal signaling transduction, and cellular homeostasis in germinating seeds. Furthermore, we propose a novel conceptual framework that delineates the spatiotemporal cooperation between these opposing enzymatic activities in regulating dormancy release and developmental transitions. The current challenges in the field of seed germination research are critically examined, and potential future investigative trajectories are outlined, aiming to establish a robust theoretical framework for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying seed dormancy regulation, as well as translating these findings into innovative agricultural production practices.