Spray-Dried Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Planch (Cannabaceae) Extract: Building Evidence for Its Therapeutic Potential in Pain and Inflammation Management
<i>Celtis iguanaea,</i> widely used in Brazilian folk medicine, is known for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated the <i>in vitro</i> antioxidant capacity and the <i>in vivo</i> antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the standardized spray-dried <i>Celtis iguanaea</i> hydroethanolic leaf extract (SDCi). Phytochemical analysis showed that SDCi contains 21.78 ± 0.82 mg/g polyphenols, 49.69 ± 0.57 mg/g flavonoids, and 518.81 ± 18.02 mg/g phytosterols. UFLC-DAD-MS identified iridoid glycosides, p-coumaric acid glycosides, flavones, and unsaturated fatty acids. Antioxidant assays revealed an IC<sub>50</sub> of 301.6 ± 38.8 µg/mL for DPPH scavenging and an electrochemical index of 6.1 μA/V. <i>In vivo</i>, SDCi (100-1000 mg/kg, p.o) did not impair locomotor function (rotarod test) but significantly reduced acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and both phases of the formalin test at higher doses (300 and 1000 mg/kg). The antinociceptive effects were independent of α-2 adrenergic receptors. SDCi also increased latency in the hot-plate test and reduced paw edema in the carrageenan model, accompanied by decreased IL-1β and increased IL-10 levels. Histological analysis showed a 50% reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration. These findings support SDCi as an effective anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive phytopharmaceutical intermediate, with potential applications in managing pain and inflammation.
Authors
- Adriana Cristina Soares (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7953-8692)
- Zakariyya Muhammad Bello (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-9638)
- Kátia Regina Barros Ribeiro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3513-7483)
- Edilene S. A. Melo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9786-7505)
- Marx Osório Araújo Pereira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4067-3931)
- Nadla Soares Cassemiro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2860-3255)
- Ana Gabriela Silva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6438-6577)
- Flávia Carmo Horta Pinto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3070-3930)
- Renê Oliveira do Couto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3748-3427)
- Pablinny Moreira Galdino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2836-5565)
- Eric de Souza Gil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9161-0127)
- Mairon César Coimbra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-5139)
- Flávio Martins de Oliveira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0007-1277)
- Carlos Alexandre Carollo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1231-9441)
- Rosy Iara Maciel de Azambuja Ribeiro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-4743)
- C. Silva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-1547)
- João Paulo Costa Rodrigues
- Emmilly de Oliveira Alves
- Rúbia Bellard e Silva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-6228)
- Marina Andrade Rocha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5418-7558)
- Renan Diniz Ferreira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7160-7852)
- Laura Jéssica Pereira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2059-549X)
Institutions
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (BR)
- Ahmadu Bello University (NG)
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (BR)
- Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia (BR)
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (BR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Plants
- Published
- 2025-06-30
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132008
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.75
Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
- Division of Graduate Education