Comprehensive Review on Zika Virus: Epidemiology, Mode of Transmission, Treatment, and Future Perspectives

Zika Virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has gained significant global attention due to its rapid spread and its association with severe public health complications, particularly microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) in adults. First identified in Africa, ZIKV is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, especially <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Aedes albopictus</i>, though human-to-human transmission via sexual contact, blood transfusion, and vertical transmission during pregnancy has also been documented. A single-stranded, enveloped RNA genome characterizes the virus and is genetically related to other flaviviruses such as dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV). The clinical presentation of ZIKV infection is typically mild, with symptoms such as fever, rash, headache, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia. Despite these mild symptoms in most cases, ZIKV infection has been linked to severe neurological and congenital complications, particularly in infants born to infected mothers. The 2015 outbreak in Brazil highlighted the virus’s association with birth defects, mainly microcephaly, which led to significant global concern. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathology, clinical manifestations, transmission dynamics, and complications associated with ZIKV. Additionally, the review discusses current diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and ongoing research efforts focused on vaccine development, vector control, and potential therapeutic options. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the global public health impact of ZIKV and the urgent need for continued research and coordinated public health initiatives to control its spread. Addressing the challenges posed by ZIKV will require a combination of modern diagnostic techniques, vector control strategies, and the development of effective vaccines and therapies. This review offers a consolidated understanding of ZIKV to aid in future research, clinical practices, and global health strategies.