Photobiomodulation for immunomodulation and inflammation control: evidence from cellular, animal, and clinical research

This review presents a comprehensive analysis of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on immunomodulation and mitigation of inflammation.PBM has been proven to be a noninvasive and effective treatment modality that plays a crucial role in modulating immune responses and reducing inflammation.In in vitro studies, PBM (primarily using wavelengths of 630-810 nm) demonstrated immunological effects by suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factoralpha, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1) while promoting the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.Furthermore, in vivo studies using various animal models confirmed that PBM reduces inflammation and facilitates tissue repair and regeneration.Clinical studies have shown promising outcomes, wherein PBM has been shown to reduce inflammation and enhance therapeutic efficacy in conditions such as oral diseases and arthritis.Overall, PBM is regarded as a highly promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.However, further research is needed to optimize treatment parameters and assess longterm safety.