Advances in patch-based photobiomodulation therapy: a novel non-invasive treatment

Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser (light) therapy, is a non-invasive and non-thermal treatment modality that utilizes low-power light to modulate biological activity.PBM has been widely explored in various therapeutic areas, including dermatology, wound healing, cancer treatment, and neurological disorders.While conventional PBM devices primarily employ point light sources such as lasers and lightemitting diodes (LEDs), these systems have inherent limitations, including the lack of flexibility, being relatively heavyweight, and offering non-uniform light distribution.In response to these challenges, patch-based PBM therapy has emerged as an innovative solution, integrating flexible substrates with light sources, such as organic LEDs and micro-LEDs.This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in patch-based PBM therapy, focusing on its design, fabrication, mechanisms of action, and potential applications across medical and aesthetic fields.Additionally, it explores the physiological effects of PBM, including its antiinflammatory, analgesic, and regenerative properties, while distinguishing PBM from other light-based therapies, such as photodynamic therapy.By synthesizing current knowledge, this review aims to highlight the growing role of patch-based PBM as a transformative non-invasive medical intervention, paving the way for its integration into clinical practice and home-based care.