Design and performance evaluation of microstrip fractal multiband patch antenna for wireless communication applications

Abstract The rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies—particularly in the S-band and C-band frequencies used for WiMAX and 5G New Radio (NR) sub-6 GHz applications—has driven the need for compact, high-performance, and multiband antenna solutions capable of wideband and multi-frequency operation. This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a novel Microstrip Fractal Multiband Patch Antenna (MPA) tailored for such wireless communication systems. The antenna utilizes fractal geometry to overcome the limitations of conventional microstrip patch designs, achieving enhanced bandwidth, multi-resonant behavior, and a reduced physical footprint. The incorporation of self-similar fractal patterns within a square-cut, multi-hole patch structure enables efficient dual-band operation across distinct frequency ranges. Simulation results, obtained using HFSS software, demonstrate excellent impedance matching, with a Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) below 2 and a reflection coefficient below –10 dB over the S-band (2.3244 GHz–3.7692 GHz) and C-band (5.0936 GHz–7.1104 GHz). Experimental validation using a Vector Network Analyzer closely aligns with simulation data, confirming consistent and reliable performance. The antenna exhibits a bi-directional radiation pattern, ideal for point-to-point communication, and is fabricated using a cost-effective FR-4 glass epoxy substrate with copper cladding, ensuring ease of production and scalability. The proposed design offers superior multiband functionality, compactness, and efficiency, meeting the growing demand for advanced antennas in next-generation wireless communication systems. The results affirm its potential for integration into applications such as WiMAX, 5G NR, and other emerging wireless technologies.