CEDAR-GPP: spatiotemporally upscaled estimates of gross primary productivity incorporating CO ₂ fertilization

Abstract. Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the largest carbon flux in the Earth system, playing a crucial role in removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and providing carbohydrates needed for ecosystem metabolism. Despite the importance of GPP, however, existing estimates present significant uncertainties and discrepancies. A key issue is the underrepresentation of the CO2 fertilization effect, a major factor contributing to the increased terrestrial carbon sink over recent decades. This omission could potentially bias our understanding of ecosystem responses to climate change. Here, we introduce CEDAR-GPP, the first global machine-learning-upscaled GPP product that incorporates the direct CO2 fertilization effect on photosynthesis. Our product is comprised of monthly GPP estimates and their uncertainty at 0.05° resolution from 1982 to 2020, generated using a comprehensive set of eddy covariance measurements, multi-source satellite observations, climate variables, and machine learning models. Importantly, we used both theoretical and data-driven approaches to incorporate the direct CO2 effects. Our machine learning models effectively predict monthly GPP (R2 ∼ 0.72), the mean seasonal cycles (R2 ∼ 0.77), and spatial variabilities (R2 ∼ 0.63) based on cross-validation at flux sites. After incorporating the direct CO2 effects, the predicted long-term GPP trend across global flux towers substantially increases from 3.1 to 4.5–5.4 gC m−2 yr−1, which aligns more closely with the 7.7 gC m−2 yr−1 trend detected from eddy covariance data. While the global patterns of annual mean GPP, seasonality, and interannual variability generally align with existing satellite-based products, CEDAR-GPP demonstrates higher long-term trends globally after incorporating CO2 fertilization and reflected a strong temperature control on direct CO2 effects. The estimated global GPP trend is 0.57–0.76 PgC yr−1 from 2001 to 2018 and 0.32–0.34 PgC yr−1 from 1982 to 2018. Estimating and validating GPP trends in data-scarce regions, such as the tropics, remains challenging, underscoring the importance of ongoing ground-based monitoring and advancements in modeling techniques. CEDAR-GPP offers a comprehensive representation of GPP temporal and spatial dynamics, providing valuable insights into ecosystem–climate interactions. The CEDAR-GPP product is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8212706 (Kang et al., 2024).