Exploring Citizenship Education Outcomes in Primary and Secondary School Curricula through the Spiral Programming Approach

The study, aimed at evaluating the alignment of citizenship education outcomes in primary and secondary school curricula with the spiral programming approach, was conducted using the document analysis method. The 2018 Human Rights and Citizenship Education Curriculum, 2018 Social Studies Curriculum, and 2024 Ethics and Civic Education Curriculum were examined and the data, collected using the Citizenship Education Outcomes Programming Approach Assessment Chart and Bloom's Taxonomy Assessment Chart, were analyzed through content analysis. The findings revealed that some citizenship education outcomes were repeated at the same or different grade levels, indicating that the curricula were not developed with a comprehensive programming approach at the primary and secondary levels. Based on these results, it is recommended that the citizenship education outcomes across different levels in Türkiye be designed with a holistic curriculum approach.