Comparative Analysis of International Climate Policies

This study investigates the effectiveness of renewable energy policies in Indonesia and India from 2006 to 2022, exploring why these two high-emission, populous countries have shown differing progress in clean energy transitions. The research aims to understand the organizational and institutional factors influencing policy adoption and implementation, especially through the lens of isomorphic change and policy process theories. Using a mixed-methods approach, primarily literature reviews and secondary data, the study evaluates policy effectiveness based on effort, cost-effectiveness, and impact on CO₂ emissions. Hypothesis testing and correlation analyses were conducted using data from national agencies and international organizations. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between budget allocation and renewable energy growth in India, while Indonesia’s outcome shows no statistical significance, suggesting the dominance of other institutional barriers. Additionally, India’s policy approach has proven more cost-effective, with strong emissions reductions linked to expanded renewable capacity. Conversely, Indonesia’s renewable energy generation has not translated into equivalent consumption or emissions reduction, indicating gaps in implementation. This study contributes to understanding how regulatory clarity, institutional coordination, and professionalization shape the renewable energy landscape. This study also may inform future climate governance strategies, particularly for countries in the Global South navigating similar transitions.