Bridging Tradition and Innovation: The Transformation of Bhutanese Architectural Identity

As Bhutan embraces modernity, its architectural landscape founded on traditional building techniques and Buddhist principles is undergoing significant transformation. This study analyzes how Bhutanese architecture incorporates contemporary design concepts while maintaining cultural identity. Using spatial and syntax analysis frameworks, eight civic, educational, residential, and religious case studies were examined. The analysis focused on spatial zoning, privacy gradients, open to built-up area ratios, and architectural syntax involving traditional elements like rabsel (balcony), payab gochu (windows), and chimtog (roofs). The findings reveal that while traditional features are abstracted and recontextualized, they remain integral to cultural expression. Furthermore, spatial principles like hierarchy, environmental harmony, and symbolic layering continue to inform modern layouts. However, regulatory inflexibility, declining craftsmanship, and the superficial use of traditional forms persist as challenges. This paper recommends adaptive design frameworks, vernacular knowledge integration, and material innovation as strategies for architectural resilience, positioning Bhutan within the discourse of critical regionalism.