Genomic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates from Alpaca Crias (Vicugna pacos) in the Peruvian Highlands: Insights into Functional Diversity and Pathogenicity

Diarrhea in alpaca crias significantly impacts livestock health in high-altitude regions, with <i>Escherichia coli</i> as a common pathogen. This study analyzed 10 <i>E. coli</i> isolates from diarrheic and healthy alpacas using whole-genome sequencing to assess genetic diversity, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance. Predominant sequence types (ST73, ST29), serotypes (O22:H1, O109:H11), and phylogroups (B2, B1, A) were identified. Virulence profiling revealed ExPEC-like and EPEC pathotypes, while resistance genes for β-lactams (<i>blaEC-15</i>), fosfomycin (<i>glpT_E448K</i>), and colistin (<i>pmrB</i>) were prevalent. These findings highlight the need for genomic surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship to manage <i>E. coli</i> infections in alpacas and reduce public health risks.